Auroras seen through breaks in the clouds - 5.3.2022 at 21.20 - 5.3.2022 at 22.05 Jyväskylä Observation number 104921

• Aurora brightness
• • Dim auroras
• Observed aurora forms
• • Rays

    The raysare parallel to the lines of force of the magnetic field, i.e. quite vertical, usually less than one degree thick light streaks. The rays can occur alone or in connection with other shapes, mainly with arcs and bands. Short rays are usually brightest at the bottom but dim quickly. The longest rays, even extending almost from the horizon to the zenith, are usually uniformly bright and quite calm, and unlike the shorter rays, most often occur in groups of a few rays or alone. Rays, like bands, are a very typical form of aurora.

    Artificial light pillars, which are a halo phenomenon visible in ice mist, can sometimes be very similar to the rays of aurora. Confusion is possible especially when the lamps that cause the artificial light pillars are far away and not visible behind buildings or the forest. The nature of the phenomenon is clear at least from the photographs.

    Rays. Picture of Tom Eklund.

    Rays. Photo by Mika Puurula.

    Two beams rise from the aurora veil. Photo by Anssi Mäntylä.

    Two radial bands. Show Jani Lauanne.

    Radial band and veil. Photo by Jussi Alanenpää.

    Two rays. Photo by Aki Taavitsainen.

    It may be possible to confuse such rays with artificial light columns. Compare the image below. Picture of Tom Eklund.

    There is no aurora in this image, but all the light poles - including the wide and diffuse bar seen at the top left - are artificial light pillars born of ice mist. Photo by Sami Jumppanen.

    Aurora and artificial light pillars. All the radial shapes in the picture above are probably artificial light pillars that coincide appropriately with the aurora band. In the image below, the aurora band has shifted and does not overlap with the pillars produced by the orange bulbs. There is no orange in auroras. Photo by Katariina Roiha

  • Veil

    Veil
    Veil is the most bland and very common form of aurora. It usually covers its homogeneous dim glow over a wide area of the sky at once. Most often, the veil is seen in the calmer and quiet phase of the night after the aurora maximum as a background for other forms. The veil can also occur alone and in that case it will be quite difficult to reliably identify as an aurora, especially at a observation site which has a lot of light pollution.

    A similar glow of light can also be caused by airborne moisture, smoke, or a very thin layer of clouds that reflects the light that hits them. However, clouds can also be used to identify veil, especially if the middle or upper cloud appears dark against a lighter background, then it is very likely to be aurora veil if the brightness of the background sky is not due to the rising or falling Moon or Sun. When photographing, very long exposure times usually reveal the green colour of the veil auroras.

    

    Veil and rays. Photo by Esa Palmi.
     

    

    Red aurora veil. Photo by Marko Mikkilä.

     

    

    Veil. Photo by Milla Myllymaa.

     

    

    Aurora veil that changes color from green at the lower edge through purple to blue at the top. Photo by Jaakko Hatanpää.

     

    

    Dim green veil. Photo by Jarmo Leskinen.

     

    

    Radial aurora band surrounded by veil. Photo by Jussi Alanenpää.

• Colors with unaided eye and other features
• • White auroras

    Paljain silmin valkoinen väri näkyy useimmiten himmeissä näytelmissä, kun silmä ei kykene erottamaan mitään varsinaista väriä. Harvoin kirkkaissa näytelmissä valkoinen väri voi myös syntyä sopivista vihreän, punaisen ja sinisen yhdistelmistä.

  • Green auroras

    Green, seen with the naked eye, is one the most common colors of the aurora. The green color is derived from atomic oxygen.

    Green auroras. Lea Rahtu-Korpela.

    Green auroras. Photo by Juha Ojanperä.

  • Red coloration of the shapes lower edge

    Red lower edge visible with the naked eye. The bands which are starting to level up their activity and are green colored have quite often a narrow red lower edge. This is the most common form of red color which is derived from molecular nitrogen.

    Aurora band with purple lower edge. Photo by Ilmo Kemppainen.

    The low hanging brightest aurora band is colored red at the lower edge. Photo by Tero Ohranen.

    Narrow purple reddish tones at the lower part of this aurora band. Photo by Merja Ruotsalainen.

    Purple band at the bottom. Photo by Panu Lahtinen.

  • Red coloration of the shapes top

    Auroras which have red top part that can be seen with naked eye are most often observed in the bands and long rays. In this case the lower parts are usually green. If the upper parts are in sunlight, red may be stronger than green. This shade of red is due to the discharge of the excitation state of the atomic oxygen.

    Aurora that shift to reddish towards the top. Photo by Karri Pasanen. 

    Red top in a aurora band. Photo by Simo Aikioniemi.

    Red at the top of the aurora. Picture of Tom Eklund.

Canon 6D + Samyang 12mm fisheye; f / 2.8, ISO 1600, exposure 6s - 10s

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