Quiet aurora band - 18.10.2014 at 00.35 Vaala Observation number 31204

• Aurora brightness
• • Bright auroras
• Colors with unaided eye and other features
• • Green auroras

    Green, seen with the naked eye, is one the most common colors of the aurora. The green color is derived from atomic oxygen.

    Green auroras. Lea Rahtu-Korpela.

    Green auroras. Photo by Juha Ojanperä.

• Observed aurora forms
• • Veil

    Veil
    Veil is the most bland and very common form of aurora. It usually covers its homogeneous dim glow over a wide area of the sky at once. Most often, the veil is seen in the calmer and quiet phase of the night after the aurora maximum as a background for other forms. The veil can also occur alone and in that case it will be quite difficult to reliably identify as an aurora, especially at a observation site which has a lot of light pollution.

    A similar glow of light can also be caused by airborne moisture, smoke, or a very thin layer of clouds that reflects the light that hits them. However, clouds can also be used to identify veil, especially if the middle or upper cloud appears dark against a lighter background, then it is very likely to be aurora veil if the brightness of the background sky is not due to the rising or falling Moon or Sun. When photographing, very long exposure times usually reveal the green colour of the veil auroras.

    

    Veil and rays. Photo by Esa Palmi.
     

    

    Red aurora veil. Photo by Marko Mikkilä.

     

    

    Veil. Photo by Milla Myllymaa.

     

    

    Aurora veil that changes color from green at the lower edge through purple to blue at the top. Photo by Jaakko Hatanpää.

     

    

    Dim green veil. Photo by Jarmo Leskinen.

     

    

    Radial aurora band surrounded by veil. Photo by Jussi Alanenpää.

  • Rays

    The raysare parallel to the lines of force of the magnetic field, i.e. quite vertical, usually less than one degree thick light streaks. The rays can occur alone or in connection with other shapes, mainly with arcs and bands. Short rays are usually brightest at the bottom but dim quickly. The longest rays, even extending almost from the horizon to the zenith, are usually uniformly bright and quite calm, and unlike the shorter rays, most often occur in groups of a few rays or alone. Rays, like bands, are a very typical form of aurora.

    Artificial light pillars, which are a halo phenomenon visible in ice mist, can sometimes be very similar to the rays of aurora. Confusion is possible especially when the lamps that cause the artificial light pillars are far away and not visible behind buildings or the forest. The nature of the phenomenon is clear at least from the photographs.

    Rays. Picture of Tom Eklund.

    Rays. Photo by Mika Puurula.

    Two beams rise from the aurora veil. Photo by Anssi Mäntylä.

    Two radial bands. Show Jani Lauanne.

    Radial band and veil. Photo by Jussi Alanenpää.

    Two rays. Photo by Aki Taavitsainen.

    It may be possible to confuse such rays with artificial light columns. Compare the image below. Picture of Tom Eklund.

    There is no aurora in this image, but all the light poles - including the wide and diffuse bar seen at the top left - are artificial light pillars born of ice mist. Photo by Sami Jumppanen.

    Aurora and artificial light pillars. All the radial shapes in the picture above are probably artificial light pillars that coincide appropriately with the aurora band. In the image below, the aurora band has shifted and does not overlap with the pillars produced by the orange bulbs. There is no orange in auroras. Photo by Katariina Roiha

  • Arc

    ARC The arcs are wider than the bands and do not fold as strongly. The arcs are normally neither very bright nor active.

    The arc is probably the most common form of aurora. When aurora show is a calm arc in the low northern sky it often doesn’t evolve to anything more during night. In more active shows the arc is often the first form to appear and the last to disappear.

    The lower edge of the arc is usually sharp but the upper edge can gradually blend into the background sky. As activity increases rays and folds normally develop, and the arcs turn gradually into bands.

    An aurora arc runs across the picture. Vertical shapes are rays. Photo by Atacan Ergin.

    Aurora Arc. Photo by Mauri Korpi.

    Aurora Arc. Photo by Anna-Liisa Sarajärvi.

    Aurora Arc. Photo by Matti Asumalahti.

Figure 1: Canon EOS 60D + Sigma 8mm FishEye; F4.0, ISO1600, 20s / image. A total of 35 pictures. Figure 2: Canon EOS 500D + Canon EF24-70mm f / 2.8L USM; 70mm, F2.8, ISO1600, 10s. The second image also shows a few satellites in four parts of the image. GIF animations and Curves adjustments have been made with Imagemagick on Linux. A total of 45 pictures.